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Suppose somebody enters a raffle and wins an encyclopedia, then reads various of its entries, correcting a lot of their earlier misapprehensions. But unless we are to capitulate to radical skepticism, plainly this sort of luck, too, ought to be considered appropriate with information. A third approach to modal situations on knowledge worthy of point out is the requirement that for a topic to know that p, she must rule out all “relevant alternatives” to p. Significant early proponents of this view embrace Stine 1976, Goldman 1976, and Dretske 1981. The thought behind this strategy to knowledge is that for a subject to know that p, she should be able to “rule out” competing hypotheses to p—but that just some subset of all not-p prospects are “relevant” for information attributions. He has formed his belief on the idea solely of proof about Jones — none of which describes how Smith’s belief is actually made true . And generally a belief is formed unsafely whether it is shaped by overl